Censorship Of Childrens Literature in Canada †Education Essay

Censorship Of Childrens Literature in Canada – Education Essay Free Online Research Papers Censorship Of Childrens Literature in Canada Education Essay Censorship is the control of forms of human expression; it is sometimes implemented by the government. The visible motive of censorship is often to stabilize or improve the society that the government would have control over. It is most commonly applied to acts that occur in public circumstances, and most formally involves the suppression of ideas by criminalizing or regulating expression. Furthermore, discussion of censorship often includes less formal means of controlling perceptions by excluding various ideas from mass communication. What is censored may range from specific words to entire concepts and it may be influenced by value systems. The censorship of materials that are used in an elementary public school setting are unique to other forms of censorship in society because of the nature of the audience in a school setting. Age appropriateness needs to be taken into consideration when examining materials for elementary school use because of the naivety and immaturity of students at a young age. In todays free Canada, challenges of literature are taken seriously almost everyday. Furthermore, a great number of the recent challenges have pointed towards childrens literature for its literary content and illustrations. Surprisingly, many Canadian childrens books are censored, not at the government level, but at the level of local schools and libraries. How can Canadians allow this to happen if many of us believe that the role of the true educator is to teach children to be free thinkers, not closed-minded? Restricting childrens literature puts a severe limitation on a childs right to read. Many local and school libraries actions contradict the Canadian Library Associations Statement of Intellectual Freedom, which states that all persons in Canada have the fundamental right, as embodied in the nations Bill of Rights and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, to have access to all expressions of knowledge, creativity and intellectual activity. What should be done to solve this problem? Before this question can be tackled, three other questions have to be answered. These questions involve the ways childrens books are censored, the reasons why childrens books are censored, and the actual effects that the challenged books have on children. Learning involves the full awareness of the spectrum of knowledge, skills and attitudes, thus how will students learn to critically analyze material if not given the opportunity? However, the question may not be whether or not to teach critical analysis of controversial issues but rather, at what point students are mature enough to make informed decisions regarding certain issues. Students may not be able to critically analyze material for themselves, because of their lower stage of cognitive development, thus all material will predictably be taken at face value. Therefore, content of material needs to go through some sort of screening process when being assessed for school use. Another important issue regarding censorship is the authorization of a person or persons to be responsible for the analysis of questionable material. Everyone has different perspectives and opinions in regard to content that they deem obscene or objectionable and therefore which opinions are most prominent in regards to the education of our youth? This paper will analyze the schools, teachers and parents rights in regard to the censorship of student resources and also the implications of allowing or banning objectionable or controversial material within the public school system. Rights of the School (Minister, School Board, Principal) Legally, the Minister of learning has an overriding authority over the curriculum and instructional materials to be used in the school setting. The school board and superintendents answer to the recommendations of the Minister. The Alberta School Act states in Section 39b that the Minister may authorize courses of study, education programs or instructional materials for use in schools. In addition to authorization, in Section 39d the Minister may approve any course, education program, or instructional material that may be submitted to the Minister by a board or another operator of a school for use in a school. These statements allow the minister the right to implement and approve resources and courses into school but, in addition, the Minister also has the right to censor the use of materials in the school. As stated by Section 39e of the School Act, the Minister is subject to the right, by order, to prohibit the use of a course, an education program or instructional material i n schools. Thus, when curriculum materials are concerned, in regard to censorship, the Minister is at the head of authority within the perimeters of the school system as to the censorship of programs and instructional materials. As stated in Section 20b of the Alberta School Act, the principal works in conjunction with the Minister and the school board by ensuring that the instruction provided by the teachers employed in the school is consistent with the courses of study and education programs prescribed, approved and authorized pursuant to the School Act. The principal also must promote cooperation between the school and the community as mentioned in Section 20g of the School Act. Thus the principal must ensure that the parents are informed about what is being taught to their youth in regards to courses and instructional materials. Rights of the Teachers Legally, the Alberta School Act states in Section 18b, that a teacher, while providing instruction or supervision, must teach the courses of study and education programs that are prescribed, approved or authorized pursuant to the School Act. Thus, the teacher has obligations to the curriculum and approved resources. However, the teacher also has rights to apply professional judgment into the education of students within their own classroom. Professionally, as stated in the ATA manual Section II, The Nature of a Profession, it discusses how teachers have the ability to â€Å"apply reasoned judgment and professional decision making daily in diagnosing educational needs, prescribing and implementing instructional programs and evaluation progress of students† (Pg. 7). Therefore, teachers have the right to base diagnosis, planning, methodology and evaluation on professional knowledge and skills, as illustrated in the Declaration of Rights and Responsibilities for Teachers, Section 1. The teacher also maintains the responsibility to the pupils to teach in a manner that respects the dignity and rights of all persons without prejudice as to race, religious beliefs, color, sex, sexual orientation, physical characteristics, age, ancestry or place of origin, as stated in Section 1 of the ATA Code of Professional Conduct. The teacher has the right to teach in a manner that he or she deems professionally reasonable in resp ect to the rights of others and within the confines of the curriculum. Rights of the Parents Parents play a vital role in regards to their childrens education, and as such have special parental rights in regards to the rights, power, liberties, duties that a parent has with respect to his/her child (Pansegrau, 2003). The parens patriae authority refers to the rights of the parents as the childs natural guardian and as such, is closely associated to the principle of the best interests of the child (Magsino, pg. 300). Parents living in a democratic society have the legal right to voice concerns related to their childs education. Section 2b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression. The Teachers Rights Responsibilities and Legal Liabilities states that the teacher is required to act in loco parentis. This refers to the teacher standing, in relation to the student, in the position of a caring parent, as unofficial guardian (pg. 24). Therefore, the teacher must act in a way that the parents of a child w ould, so if the values of the parents are not respected in the classroom the teacher may not be acting in loco parentis. Parents then have a right to question the instruction or material that their child is required to learn. Judicial Rights of all Canadians The court system, mainly the Supreme Court, would be the highest-ranking decision maker in Canada regarding the censorship of materials allowed in schools. Thus, after a person has taken the objection of the curriculum or instructional materials, throughout the ranks of the school system, they then have the right to turn to the judicial section of Alberta or Canada. Article A case in British Columbia that discussed censorship rights was in regard to a teacher who chose to use homosexual books as instructional resources for his kindergarten class. A group of religious parents objected to the use of books that contained same-sex parents and thus the teacher went to the school board for approval of the use of the books in his class. The school board turned down the use of the particular books in the classroom but the Supreme Court later overturned the decision stating, â€Å"no age is too tender for children to learn the value of tolerance† (Globe and Mail, 12/21/2002). This case was very publicized and consisted of passionate protesters on both sides, however, many Canadian childrens authors books have been taken off the shelves as a result of a few complaints to librarians or principals. This case is quite complex in regard to the issues of homosexual rights and the involvement of homosexual material in the classroom. Thus, the issue of censor ship rights will be the primary topic of analysis. Analysis and Reflection on Article and Issue of Censorship In terms of a consequentialist perspective, I will address the courts ruling in regard to the acceptance of homosexual material in an elementary school based on benefit maximization. The main focus of this case is in regard to the censorship of material based on discriminatory beliefs. One must look beyond the homosexual nature of the material to explore the rights of parents, teachers and the school board in regard to the implications that the allowance of these instructional resources implies. To provide a basis for the implications of the issue, a list of the advantages and disadvantages will be described. Educating students to become tolerant, open-minded humans is a means to promote the greatest good for the greatest number. Thus, censorship should not be used to promote discriminatory beliefs about another individual or group. Advantages o The goals of education as illustrated by the ATA manual are to encourage students by developing his or her ability to get along with people of varying backgrounds, beliefs and lifestyles. Students will be made aware of topics that are relevant to the lifestyles of Canadas diverse society. Therefore, students are not only taught tolerance or acceptance towards a diverse range of individuals but students are also allowed to critically analyze issues to develop their own perspective on those topics. This provides for benefit maximization because the future population will be more tolerant of a diverse population and therefore society will learn to respect the rights of others differences. o The rights of the students are upheld in regard to Section 2b of the Charter in regards to freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression. Students are constantly bombarded with images in the media regarding many controversial issues that they are exposed to at a young age. Thus, it is beneficial for students to have intellectual freedom to examine those topics in an intelligent, bias free manner. o The School Act is upheld because the material reflects the unique lifestyles of society and allows for understanding of lifestyles different from ones own. Section 3 of the Act states that all education programs offered and instructional materials used in schools must reflect the diverse nature and heritage of society in Alberta, promote understanding and respect for others and honor and respect the common values and beliefs of Albertans. o Teachers are able to make decisions about the material used in their classrooms. Teachers also have a fiduciary obligation to not impose their personal opinions on issues since the teacher would be abusing their position of authority. o People of a religious background are not able to manipulate the school system to support their own ideas of what lifestyles are acceptable or what topics are to be taught or banned from the public school system. Since every individual will have different perspectives on issues presented in the school system, tolerance of different ideas should be taught instead of the exclusion of one belief or another. Disadvantages o Students may be faced with issues that they are not cognitively or emotionally able to comprehend. Children may become confused with issues that are at a maturity basis much higher than their own. John Stuart Mill states that truth is achieved by open criticism and public debate; however, the issue of immaturity is a factor. Children need to be protected from consequences of their own actions (Strike, pg. 41). o Parents represent a wide array of special interests, cultural backgrounds, religions, political preferences and lifestyles. Therefore, there is a huge array of perspectives to take into consideration when deciding between developing a sound education for students and being sensitive to the motives of special interest groups. o By not allowing parents to censor material to suit their beliefs it restricts the parents choice to limit their childs exposure to certain beliefs. Implications The negative connotation of the term censorship should not be confused with the need for schools to develop an intelligent, sensitive, broad-minded basis for the proper selection of curriculum and research materials. Teachers need to respect the Minister and school boards decision in regard to the approved list of curriculum and instructional materials. However, as strengthened by the British Columbia case, the teacher has the right to present his or her case for either implementing or banning the use of certain materials for classroom use to the school board, Minister or Judicial system if they feel that their own or others rights are being violated or if discrimination is occurring. Teachers are instructed to provide information to parents in regard to curriculum to be covered, methods of evaluation and instructional resources. In return, parents will be able to support the learning of their children. This is a necessary component to any classroom especially in regards to the content that will be covered by the classroom teaching. Parents still have the right to remove their child from studies that they believe to be objecting to the values that they as parents hold. Thus parents should be given opportunity to be included in their childs education. Conclusion In regard to issues on censorship, it is difficult to define the importance of each stakeholders rights in reference to the censoring process. However, it is clear that some censorship for appropriate material for use in public elementary schools is essential to the education and development of our youth. The maturity of an audience is a key factor to the type of censorship instilled within that school system. Public school systems must allow access to many facets of knowledge and information in the search of truth. Therefore, the instructional material used in a classroom must represent this goal. However, in regard to discriminatory material or material that excludes the rights of others, censorship should be used to promote the rights of all individuals and not to promote the beliefs or values of one individual or group. Unfortunately, censorship in its many forms is part of peoples lives from the very first moment they walk into their kindergarten classrooms. Many books are too easily censored as a result of a few complaints or preconceived views. An educators job is to open up the world of books to children. Those who restrict the world of books, because somebody might object, are simply failing to do their job. Schools must respect the censorial rights of groups and individuals, but schools must equally try to ensure that such people do not succeed in extending their prohibitions to everyones children. If not, childrens authors will be unable to write about controversial or unexplored issues. Childrens literature will go back to the boring educational texts of the past. Every child should be allowed access to these controversial books, so that thoughts and questions can be raised about the world that we live in. References Alberta School Act, (2000) Alberta Teachers Association (2004). Teachers Rights Responsibilities and Legal Liabilities. Retrieved May 20, 2006, from teachers.ab.ca Alberta Teachers Association (2004). Professional Code of Conduct. Retrieved May 20, 2006, from teachers.ab.ca Alberta Teachers Association (2004). Teaching in Alberta. Retrieved May20, 2006, from teachers.ab.ca Canadian Christianity. Supreme Court rules on gay books. Retrieved June 1, 2006, canadianchristianity.com/cgi-bin/na.cgi?nationalupdates/021224supreme The Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.), 1982, Part 1 Magsino, K . (1995). Social Change and Education in Canada (3rd ed.). Toronto, Harcourt Brace, 290-309 Makin, K , (2003, December 21). Schools cant ban gay books, court rules B.C. board faulted for giving in to objections of religious parents. Globe and Mail. Protecting The Freedom To Learn. Censorship in Schools. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from http://pages.zdnet.com/trimb/id25.html Schrader, A, (1992). Too Young to Know? The Censorship of Childrens Materials in Canadian Public Libraries, Canadian Childrens Literature, Summer, p. 85. Strike, K. Soltis, J. (1998). The Ethics of Teaching. Teachers College Press, New York. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Censorship, Retrived May 20, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship Research Papers on Censorship Of Children's Literature in Canada - Education EssayStandardized TestingQuebec and CanadaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasHip-Hop is ArtGenetic Engineering

Nursing Essentials Application of a Nursing Skill Essay

Nursing Essentials Application of a Nursing Skill - Essay Example Never for a moment should she let members of her staff forget that they are nursing human beings, not diseases. The patient is an individual, the member of a family and of the community. He may be intelligent or unintelligent, educated or uneducated, American or some other nationality, but he has feelings and emotions which influences his emotions which influences his attitudes and actions. Before working as a staff on a nursing care unit, the nurses generally completed their training in mentoring and nursing. Patients will be grateful to a thoughtful nurse who anticipates his personnel needs and remembers his individual preferences, nevertheless he should be given the opportunity to make further requests and to participate in the planning of his care if he is able and desires to do so. During convalescence or a long chronic illness, the patient needs something to occupy his mind, be its pleasant companions, reading, games handwork, or assisting with the work of the ward. He needs faith in his nurses, their knowledge and dependability of judgment. He needs the sense of security that comes from the feeling that are people are working together-doctor, nurses, maids, porters-and not at cross purposes. He needs the confidence which results from knowing that the entire nursing staff is interested in him, is sympatric and understanding, knows his needs, has plan for his care, and is doing everything in its power to help him regain and maintain his health. The patient who has required an injury or an illness which places permanent limitations on his activity or makes necessary a change in his pattern of living needs help in accepting the restrictions, help in marshalling his resources and finding was to live happily and usefully within the limits of its illness. The good nurse recognizes early any social and emotional factors which contribute to the patient's illness and its prolongation and which inhibit his peace of mind. Since man patients need more help than she is prepared to give, nurse refer them to another individual or agency for assistance when necessary. II. Identification of Skills The responsible for a nurse lies on promoting finest health and for preventing ill health. Nurses occupy a primary role in assessing nursing requirements, considering their medical, emotional and family circumstances, then plan and deliver care in hospitals, outpatient departments and in transit between hospitals. Typical work activities will vary according to the role, but they can include: The Nursing process is often Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation EvaluationThe nurse through her close contact with the patients learns of social problems which may need to be referred to a medial social worker. She also is in position to recognize when the services of a public health nurse would be advantageous and is responsible for supplying the agency with sufficient accurate information. Many patients will feel to receive the necessary home care and supervision unless the hospital staff nurse is alert to his needs and his ability to met hem without help. Teaching of the patient about his condition, his care and the ways of

Gap Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gap Inc - Essay Example Thirty-seven years ago, Gap Inc. started its humble beginnings with big dreams that spun into a golden international retail enterprise of highly-respected apparel lines. From a handful of employees at its historic California home, Gap Inc. has now hired over 160,000 employees all over the world that support the brand names it carries. With more than 4,250 stores, Gap Inc. boasts of its worldwide lead as a retailer for clothing, accessories and personal care products under the brand names of Gap, Banana Republic and Old Navy. By the year 21st century the complexity of the fashion industry has acknowledged the changing moods of dressing. Dressing down according to Kelly and Silverstein (2005) became an acceptable norm for the society whose rules for dressing became relaxed and interest in fashion waned. With home-based jobs sprouting people saw no need to buy fashionable clothes. Ordinary retail and clothing sales saw a disappointing decline as the millennium ushered in comfort dressin g. Gap Inc., whose target clients are teens and the middle market with its basic style should see a logical push compared to Banana Republic's affluent clientele and Old Navy's fashionable yet bargain minded customers.Gap Inc. however, suffered tremendous drawbacks against its gracious fashion profit enjoyment of the 90's that Brady attributed to its electronic retailing in 1997, as prevailing modes of expression sank the sales of summer 2001. Hea revealed how store sales showed a 12% dip compared to the previous year. Given the sales shortfall, shares of stocks remained on the defensive that Hea positively believed could pick up during the fall months. However August and September saw weak store traffic owing to the lack of buyers' enthusiasm for its apparel lines. The Old Navy division suffered the highest setback with the biggest sales drop that then CEO Millard Drexler acknowledged as its priority, "the need to find the right balance between key items and fashion". In its numero us attempts to survive the fashion crash, Drexler was later replaced in 2002 according to Brady(2003) that has brought in bolder colors that certainly help cut the inventory, squeezed out costs and helped Gap triple its earnings and stocks rose to more then $18 per share. The GAP strategies By redesigning a "look" to fit in with the season and the environment, Gap's strategies included highly focused surveys and research on consumer needs and fashion trends that high-lighted classifying its clientele from the "style-conscious, updated and classic" individuals according to Brady(2003). Gap, has also adapted the different mixes provided by Levy and Weitz (2004, Ch.2) that retailing systems should carefully observe with strong emphasis on the merchandise. According to them, much focus on its products centered on the ability to recognize versatility in style, assortment and variety without sacrificing its quality. Fit being an important factor in the clothing apparel line, assumed that its predictability should announce its availability that consumer research brings into its designs for must-have clothes. Although the millennium trend was to dress down and simplify, the smugness brought by the old Gap designs were too obtainable with other cheaper competition. A variety of choices for the shopper in style and a wider array of color definitely zeroed in the buying spree. Gap's predictability in the 1990's saw a gradual yet significant progress that has seen improvement on its credit rating and debt reduction in the 3rd quarter of 2003. Webb then announced its CEO Paul Pressler's move to repurchase its common stocks. Price Adjustment according to the law of supply and demand hammers specific changes to maximize profit and minimize markdowns according to Chorafas (2002). Prices change but are highly capricious in trying to match the demand. Gap, has however attached a stigma to dynamic pricing that the fashion industry equates with consumers flocking stores only

Describe 3 of the deaths in Hamlet Essay Example for Free

Describe 3 of the deaths in Hamlet Essay Hamlet is a revenge tragedy play, which was a very popular theme at the time Shakespeare was writing. Hamlet was written at the time Shakespeare was writing at his very best. Hamlet was written over 400 years ago and has outlived most other revenge plays but still continues to hold great appeal due to the effect it has on all those who see and hear it As Hamlet is self-titled we know Hamlet will die and this event will bring a close to the play. Because we know how the play will end Shakespeare entices the audience by keeping us on the edge about when, where, how and why it will happen. In this essay I have chosen to write about the death of Gertrude, Claudius and Hamlet. All three characters die in the last Act, Act 5. Hamlet is a play set in Denmark. His father at the start of the play has already been brutally murdered by his (Hamlets) Uncle Claudius. brother to the deceased king. The ghost of his father appears to him and reveals how Claudius so cunningly murdered him, and begs Hamlet to avenge his death. Ghost: Revenge his foul and most unnatural murther Hamlet is already furious with Claudius for marrying his mother within such a short time of his fathers death. Hamlet: for look how cheerful my mother looks, and my father died withins two hours. This causes him to wonder if his mother had had any part in his fathers murder also. Hamlet within him vows to obey the ghost of his father. While all this is happening Fortinbras of Norway is invading Denmark with the aim of avenging his fathers death that was taken by the late king of Denmark, Hamlets father. Hamlet decides to have the players play a play similar to the death of his father to see the reaction of Claudius. Hamlet: Ill have these Players, Play something like the murder of my father, Before mine uncle. Ill observe his looks, He wants to be sure that the ghost was not evil and telling the truth. The play is a success and Hamlet can now be sure that Claudius is responsible for the death of his father. Gertrude, Hamlets mother along with everyone else are outraged by Hamlets change in character. Polonius, Lord Chamberlain, a good friend to the king believes Hamlet is mad as a result of his daughter Ophelia rejecting Hamlets love as he had ordered her too. Gertrude asks for her son to visit her in her bedroom. Here Hamlet mistakenly stabs Polonius who is hiding behind the curtains when he heard Hamlets footsteps approaching after having been talking to the queen. Queen: O what a rash and bloody deed this this! Polonius children now change in character. Ophelia turns mad and drowns herself, while Laertes returns from studying in France and is also driven to avenge his fathers death. Hamlets madness causes Claudius to send Hamlet to England. However, Hamlet who seems always to be one step ahead of the king knows Claudius has sent a letter requesting Hamlets death and switches the note with his own for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, once friends of Hamlets, before they decided to betray him by becoming Claudius informants and so they are killed. Hamlet: Why do you think I am easier to be played on, than a pipe? Later Hamlet returns to Denmark, to much surprise of the king to see Ophelias burial. Throughout the play the audience are kept in suspense about as to when Hamlet will strike Claudius. Hamlet can be seen as a hero or villain. Shakespeare makes the audience see Hamlet as a hero. Through Hamlets soliloquies the audience feel as though they come to know Hamlet. In this they experience what he is going through and feel his hurt and pain, which is not enough to justify his killing on Claudius but to understand why he feels he must. Act 5 begins with the burial of Ophelia and shows the first confrontation between Laertes and Hamlet. Here Shakespeare allows the audience to acknowledge that both Laertes and Hamlet are suffering in the same way; although Laertes has lost both a father and sister, as Ophelias death was a result of her fathers. However, Shakespeare causes the audience to excuse Hamlets wrong deed and side with him. Scene two from this Act is the last in the play. Claudius falsely welcomes Hamlet home. However, Claudius and Laertes see Hamlets return as a suggestion to all their troubles, to kill Hamlet once and for all. They cunningly plan a duel between Laertes the best fighter and Hamlet. What they do not know is that Hamlet has been practicing during his time in England. Hamlet: since I went into France, I have been in continual practice; The fact that this is secretly revealed by Hamlet to Horatio, Hamlets good friend, reveals also a secret to the audience. At this point the audience cannot be sure if Hamlet will die, as the title suggests. The audience are at this point plagued with the fact that Laertes, Claudius and Fortinbras are all awaiting the day that Hamlet will die. During the wager Hamlet is the first to make a hit. Laertes and Hamlet soon scuffle and wound each other. However, Laertes sword has poison on so that when he hits Hamlet he will die. This was the plan of the king and Laertes. The king who also put a poison pearl into the win glass If Hamlet give the first, or second hit,.. is horrified when Gertrude drinks from the cup in honour of Hamlet giving the first hit. Gertrude soon dies. Queen: The drink, the drink, I am poisond. The fact that we never truly knew until this point that Gertrude was an innocent party in her husbands murder causes us to feel pity for her. We also pity her as Claudius tried to have her son executed and pretended to love her in order to keep the thrown. The audience can now see that Gertrude was tricked from the beginning by Claudius, as well as he taking her husbands life he has also taking her own. This shoes that Claudius was only looking after himself. We pity her because Claudius could never have loved her especially not as her husband did as he was the cause of her death. The way in which she was killed causes the audience to experience horror because we did not expect Gertrude to drink the wine. Also because it was her husband that allows her to die. Although he tries to stop her he does not try hard enough. King: Gertrude, do not drink. It horrifies us that Claudius was so eager to get rid of Hamlet that he even had two plans and so we fear what will happen next. Claudius is already aware that it will only be a matter of time before Hamlet will die as before Laertes did he had cut Hamlet. We also fear what Claudius has become and if he will stop at anything. Hamlet has now lost a mother and a father at the hands of Claudius. The audience are now fearful of the amount of hatred Hamlet must have for Claudius and fear how he will react. The sudden death of Hamlets father and Gertrude leaves the audience disturbed as both had no time to repent their sins and we fear if Gertrude will become Doomd for a certain term to walk the night: The plot of Hamlet thickens more and the audience at this point are left to wonder if Claudius will get away with his terrible deeds. However, during the scuffe hamlet picked up Laertes sword when it the scuffle it had been knocked forom his hand and Hamlet had wounded Laertes At this moment Laertes exchange forgiveness with Hamlet and his last few words ensure that the king, He is justly served. Laertes: the King, the Kings to blame. When Hamlet is sure that it was Treason he stabs the king and he is only then justly killd with mine own treachery. The king is now dead. At this point it is hard to pity Claudius because he has been the cause of so many lives being taken away. In spite of this we pity him because he is human and he did attempt to stop Gertrude which he did not have to do. We can also pity him because Hamlet and his parents had a good family and wealth and friends all of which Claudius did not. The audience have been forced from the start of the play to believe that there is an after life and world, heaven and hell. We therefore pity what will become of Claudius because he has been so bad. Ghost: My hour is almost come, When sulphurous and tormenting flames This shows that the ghost of Hamlets father is going to hell, so we pity Claudius as we assume he will be here also. On the other hand we cannot forget what Claudius has done and are horrified by his actions. The numerous ways he has tried to kill Hamlet on several occasions and stopping at nothing, no matter who he hurt in order to achieve his aim. We are again horrified by Claudius allowing his wife Gertrude to die. At this point it looks as though everyone with a path to the throne is dead. We now fear for the people of Denmark about who will save them from Fortinbras. Hamlet who was stabbed by Laertes with the poisonous sword is now feeling the effect of the poison and can feel it taking over him. Hamlet departs this life. Hamlet: I am dead, Shakespeare causes the audience to pity Hamlet because he has lost both his mother and father and lover. Claudius had been attempting to kill Hamlet for ages and because he kept failing the audience feel as though hamlet has outwitted Claudius until now and so maybe he would live. The audience have become attached to Hamlet and it hurts them to see him die. We pity Hamlet because he may also go to hell when he was only trying to get even with Claudius the way he thought was right. The audience also pity Hamlet as if Claudius had let his father be, then the ghost would not have told him the truth and he would still be alive. Nevertheless, we fear for Hamlet in the next life, and are horrified that Hamlet dies and Fortinbras is left to take the throne without opposition. Hamlet is very much a revenge tragedy. The first murder of his father led to a string of killings after it. In stating this it shows that certain deaths had to come first in order for others to occur. I think Shakespeares Hamlet has been such a success due to the truthful implications it deals with. Revenge is thought to be wrong, immoral, but in Hamlet Shakespeare expresses revenge as the natural human impulse that lies within us all. Hamlet is only acting out of the love he has for his father, which is undoubtedly the reaction each and every one of us would take. Although revenge was a popular theme during the time Hamlet was acted, Shakespeare takes it that great leap further which no author had began or even thought about doing. Instead of hating the avenger and wanting him to die we appreciate his aim and hence feel sorry for him at his death. Shakespeare forces us to perceive Hamlet for the person he is and not for the vile act he commits. The concept of Claudius having destroyed his family as well as his life remains at the forefront of our minds whilst watching the play and causes us to feel immense pity towards Hamlet and we the audience can therefore not loathe him. What makes Hamlet all the more fascinating is that we are kept in suspense as to if Gertrude had a part in the murder of her Husband. Throughout the play Shakespeare causes the audience to experience horror, pity and fear by making the next stage in the play all the more unpredictable. Just when we think we know what will happen due to what has been revealed to us through conversation and especially soliloquies does Shakespeare prove us wrong by adding an unexpected twist. I think Hamlet has also been such a success because it shows how life in this world is so short and puts fear into us about life in the next. It also shows how one incident can affect so many lives so much. The fact that Hamlet is betrayal within a family causes the audience to feel that little bit more afraid. When the tight unity between families is broken then respect for anyone can hardly be possible, as the ability to trust and love another must be hard. Even so Hamlet did and still does love Ophelia. Hamlet: I lovd Ophelia; forty thousand brothers Could not (with all their quantities of love) Make up my sum. What wilt thou do for her? Shakespeare causes even more pity towards Hamlet, as through this quote it is inevitable that Laertes loss was also a loss of Hamlets.

IDEA Individuals With Disabilities Education Act Essay -- Paying for

â€Æ' In 1991 the Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was replaced by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. This law was passed to provide free and appropriate public education to every child with a disability. It requires that each child with a disability â€Å"have access to the program best suited to that child’s special needs which is as close as possible to a normal child’s educational program† (Martin, 1978). The Individualized education program (IEP) was developed to help provide a written record of students’ needs and procedures for each child that receives special education services. The IEP will list all the services to be provided, the student's performance level, academic performance, and modifications in place for the student. Human rights to education are important to the right to a fair education. Article 26.2 which explains the human right to equality in education and states that (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. Before the Education for All Handicapped Child... ... the amount of extra procedures and paperwork a teacher is required to do that could be spent teaching. According to research the school staff often state beliefs that IDEA protects children and parents but not districts, schools and teachers. Also, parents request services for their children for which their children do not qualify based on local, state and federal guidelines. Teachers and administrators often have to deal with anger from parents who do not understand or agree with the regulations by which the school must abide. REFERENCES Driscoll, Amy; Nagel, Nancy G. (2008). Early Childhood Education, Birth -8: The World of Children, Families, and Educators. Pearson education Inc. Martin, Ed. (1978). Instructor 87, no.9, p.63 Simpson, Michael D. (1997). â€Å"Rights watch: Who’s Paying for special Ed? NEA Building the legacy: IDEA 2004. http://idea.ed.gov

Issues faced by womans

The whole situation in todays women orld leads to some basic questions. Do women feel insecure, unhappy and dissatisfied more than their predecessors? Why are they confused about women's role and position in modern society? Is employment making women economically strong. but socially and emotionally broken? what can be done to empower women? Is there any mld-way, which could make women secure, aware, confident and happy without disturbing the familial peace and social harmony? 1 . Why women are relegated to secondary position? Women comprise of 50% of the world population.It is an anomaly that though they possess diverse capabilities and are of valuable service in various nation-building activities, they had been relegated to secondary posltlon till very recent past by the modern society. why? Is It because they belong to weaker sex? or they are Incapable or Incompetent? Nay, It Is not so. 2. It is apolnt to ponder why modern women Is still Insecure and unhappy, despite attaining so much success in almost every sphere of modern world. Women have played multiple roles in life and in each role their performance is par excellence. StillWomen-folk have to suffer innuendo physical and emotional problems despite of all the changes and developments happened In the modern women's world, The position of women In real life Is sull far from satisfactory. There Is still a deep entrenched discrimination against them almost in every walk of life. It crosses all the borders, age of region, caste, class or community. 3. Why is she confused about what her role should be in real-life? 4. women In Eastern world 5. The eastern world, especially nations in Asla are still struggling to give to Its women their rightful place.Problems of high female mortality rate, sexual arassment, deaths during childbirths still exist there. There are millions of women who have go through sexual harassment, domestic violence, discrimination, abuse or are denied ot pleasures ot lite because ot their gender. Their problems are deeply Ingrained In the history, laws and cultures of complex and sophisticated Aslan societies. Why Indian women feel insecure In general? Generally women suffer deprivation, discrimination, humiliation and denial of basic human rights in varying degrees at some point or the other.Discrimination against them is at every stage ot lite and every where. It may be a girl child, a married woman, a single woman, a working woman, refugees or women belonging to lower, middle or upper strata of society. In India, women In general form one of the most vulnerable sections of Indian Society. Women are at disadvantage due to: Class oppression due to poverty, Economic dependence on male counterpart, Caste oppression due to inter caste clashes social taboos and Gender oppression Increasing number of crimes.Reasons for sufferings/insecurity of women-folk are many like – Indifferent attitude – The male-dominated society and callous government usually turns a blind eye to the ender issues. Mr. P. A. Sebastian, Secretary of the Committee for People's Democratic Rights, says, â€Å"Women have to face an uphill task for taking women's issues as, firstly most people are indifferent to atrocities that do not affect them, it is only a microscopic minority, which reacts. Secondly, the administration and Judiciary are very slow in reaching and taking any kind of measure and sometimes even stall the proceedings. Strains on modern families – A modern woman, when in need, does not find enough support systems to fall back on, which usually her own family used to provide earlier. Due to fast-pace of modern life, busy life-style, lack of time and other constraints on modern families, it has become almost impossible to get earlier kind of emotional or physical support. Many surveys show that a significant number of women leave workforce when they start a family. Maternity is usually seen as a disruption in career.There is a dramatic decline in the share of women as they move up the hierarchy. Growing intolerance amongst youths – The tolerance level of people is continuously decreasing. Aspirations and ambitions have increased beyond limits. Everybody wishes to touch the sky with least effort and with no loss of time. Failure in achieving one's targets due to one reason or the other, make a person intolerant and angry. Liberal ‘divorce' laws – In metros and modern families, marriages are no more considered to be a lifelong commitment.Intolerance amongst youth is increasing. A woman can not be sure due to lack of mutual understanding, how long her marriage will last. It does not take much time or effort for both the couple to walk out. A little bit of intolerance or misunderstanding puts her married status in danger and compels her to cope up with all kinds of problems and difficult situations single- handedly. Adversities of life arising out of economic, social, psychological and environmental situatio ns hit women's world worst.During times of war, struggle, unstable economy, natural calamities and infghting amongst various sections of society or inter-group or intra-group clashes, women along-with children are the primary victims and are worst hit. At times in an attempt to safeguard/uphold their independence/authority within the family or at working place, some women become insensitive, narrow minded and sometimes ruthless. Too much of assertion of their independence or authority create complications in their own life and in others' lives s well, which ultimately develop insecurity in women' s minds.Government of India has made some draconion laws in favour of women with an intention to protect them from violence and discrimination. Instead of gaining the sympathy of society or the opposite sex, they have earned the wrath/ire of menfolk and the society. Such laws are being misused by some shrewd women to teach men/society a lesson. Male members or his relatives can not even rai se their voice against the misuse of such legislations. Government's inefficiency/failure to implement honestly and sincerely the laws passed to protect the interests of women.

Unvaccinated Children Should They Be Allowed Public Schools

Unvaccinated Children: Should they be allowed public schools? Deborah Toodle Stephen Webber English 215 18 August 2013 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to identify the problem that will be addressed with my proposed solution. It will describe the history and overview of the issue both medically and publicly as well as the current status of public and political opinion. Three problems will be identified in the course of this paper as well as support to show the true application of these problems. Finally a solution is proposed and discussed after a summarization of the problems. Unvaccinated Children: Should we allow them in public schools? Every day one of a parents greatest worries is the health of†¦show more content†¦Jenner. His experiments were extremely primal, however, and from that point on the vaccine production rate and quality rose exponentially. In 1809 the first United States law requiring vaccinations for smallpox was written after frequent outbreaks created great health and economic consequences.(Omer, 2011, 169-182). Before vaccines for children were created children died by the thousands from disease like in the 1920’s when diphtheria used to take on average 10,000 lives of children every year. The first vaccine as we have come to know them today emerged in 1914 with the first pertussis or whooping cough vaccine. This was followed by several Supreme Court decisions cementing a states right to create vaccination and school immunization laws regarding unvaccinated children and their ability to attend public and private schools. These decisions included the Jacobson v. Massachusetts decis ion of 1905 and a 1922 decision on a San Antonio, Texas case about a girl excluded from both public and private schools due to her lack of vaccination. Social call for change in the 1970’s called for the exclusion of unvaccinated children from schools to create quick improvement and controlled outbreak of a measles virus running rampant in the country. Thus after much legislative and social change on the subject of unvaccinated children’s exposure toShow MoreRelatedSchool Vaccination Laws Should Not Be A Safe Environment For Children912 Words   |  4 Pageswidely used public health interventions and have helped to control the spread of epidemic diseases, including smallpox, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, and polio.1 Each state has school vaccination laws which require children of appropriate age to be vaccinated for several communicable diseases. 2. 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